Published by BeiJing Spring Edition of June 2007 No. 169:
Realistic Needs of Establishing Self-Organization for Farmers
Wang Jun
Current China’s Development was accompanied by rapid urbanization, which makes Chinese farmers the biggest victimized groups. Relocating from their lands leaves the farmers no home to stay, and leave massive lands deserted. Young farmers wander into cities, and the elderly & minors was left watching the land. Farmers who constantly appeal often get punished, and this has raised serious social concerns. To unite all farmers and set up their own organization has become the most urgent needs in current society.
Chapter One: SiXin Farms in WuHan as an example
SiXin Farm is a large state owned farm employing farmers from outside through ads on newspapers and TVs. The farm has attracted over 2000 farmers, over 500 households till 1994. They all work in the farm as if this was their homes. In July 2001No 26 Notice from WuHan assigned SiXin Farm to WuHan new region, up for economic development. Till the end of 2003, full time employees of SiXin Farm has been compensated and relocated, while the farmers migrated here since 1983 has not received anything. SiXin local authority does not believe these migrating farmers should be relocated and compensated. In order to force these farmers away from their land, the farm authorities since May 10, 2004 cut water and electricity supply, damaged the water facility. After heavy rain, farm land was covered with water; local authorities forbid draining the water using electric pumping system. In July 2004, in 40 degrees high temperature, over 2000 farmers was forced to sign the agreement by local developing authority. They left SiXin Farm after receiving very little payments for compensation of their plants, house, relocation & moving costs.
These farmers had nowhere to turn to but returning home. Since they have been away, and the policy for farming lands lease is 30 years, their original houses were no longer in existence. Under these circumstances, these farmers return to Wuhan, and lease for a high price the land near SiXin Farm, they rent their houses there too.
Since the end of July 2004, SiXin Farm has been awaiting for development, no more farming are allowed. Yet till 2006, land of SiXin Farm are still deserted, no sign of development. Famers who were previous forced away started to return, setting up temporary tents, and plan to stay and work on the land. The second day, police, city control, & local gangsters sent 50 to 60 people with tools to attack the farmers. Two were seriously injured on site, and the gangsters set on fire & destroyed all the 50 tents. Facing the terrorists like event, farmers decide to unite together and set up their own organization to protect their basic rights.
Chapter 2: Two kinds Farmers Organization in Chinese History
When mentioning farmers’ organization, one should research Chinese history from its nature & function. Farmer’s organization of late Qing & Early MinGuo is a social economic self-help organization aiming to advance agriculture development. Farmers Organization of KMT Era is a political organization mainly consists of prominent figures in village. Their goal is to maintain the stability of the society. The farmers’ organization of the Communist Era is trial-government organizations set up under the principal of fight against the richer class. It is used as a tool to destroy traditional village routine.
Farmers’ organization during BeiFa Time is led by CCP. They focused on violent revolution despite destruction of the nation. They encouraged violence & started fights among villages, which differs greatly in nature from active construction of farmers’ organization in old times. Mao, TzeDong’s “Research Report on Hunan Farmer’s Movement” has its effect as a very bad example. Their so-called “overthrown the landlord” is only finding excuses of creating social chaos, and chances of changing their social status. CCP’s Farmer Association appears to be attacking “bad landlords”, their related systems & ideologies, city corrupted officials, and bad village customs, their real target is to overthrow the whole basis of China Society. They cannot care less on what price Chinese people will be paying.
On July 20, 1927 CCP Central Government published Nong Zi No. 9 notice, which clearly stated: “Farmers Association is not a career organization, but a political ally formed by poor farmers in villages and counties…it is a positive format of government in villages.” That means under the claim of “all power goes to farmers association”, CCP completely destroyed social basis in China’s villages, and completely overthrows the social structure & moral standards in Chinese Villages.
In July 1928 KMT government published "Regulations on the Organization of Farmers Association”. However, in those serious disastrous regions like Hunan, the farmers’ organization will be unable to carry out reconstruction work. In January 1930 the KMT Central Committee people Training Department formulated "Peasant Movement program”. The program stated: the peasant movement is not for overthrowing the bad landlords only, but also for training the peasants for various jobs of country’s construction, which is the one of the most important tenets in recent campaign for farmers.
Chapter 3: China Farmers’ Association should follow developing direction of the world
Since CCP use Farmers’ Association as tools to encourage farmers to join the revolution, Farmers’ Association is only considered by Chinese people as the tool of fighting among classes. In reality, Farmers’ Association in most developed countries is to protect interest of the farmers, increase their skills, improve their life, and promote agricultural modernization. Its political function reflects all farmers’ interest as a whole, and the association participated in communications with the government. The Farmers’ Association could pressure the government on behalf of the farmers, but not to fight against the government as a revolutionary organization. It is absolutely not a government institution.
China Farmers Association should follow the direction of world farmers’ organization, which is to promote modernization in China’s villages. The Farmers in SiXin Farm as mentioned above has made their historical contribution to the development of WuHan City, it is against the law of nature that WuHan municipal government kick them away. For that reason, we support their appeal since 2004; we have sympathy with their 4 times bitter appeal journey to Beijing; we were infuriated with the police & securities of DongHu Development Zone in WuHan, since they released poisonous gas towards the farmers on the excuse of obstruction of public duties. We condemn CCP government’s arrestment on Tian, DePing & Yang, FuWu. Their action is conducts of political gangsters.
The main theme of China’s modernization is to transform from agriculture based into industry & information based society. One of the major missions is to drag farmers from traditional organization based on families. And it has very important meanings. Since being restrained by CCP autocracy, the farmers association had become political tools for CCP instead of developing into a real modern social organization.
Chapter 4: Future China Farmers’ Association need to be independent
To speak from the heart, the re-construction of Farmers’ Association advocated by KMT is identical to the current harmonic society as promoted by CCP now. “In one hand, it calls to raise the farmers’ social and moral values as well as their knowledge & skills; on the other hand, it promote production and the amount of production on the purpose of improving the livelihood; while requesting the farmers association to strengthen their organization body, KMT also ask the association to assist KMT government to wipe out CCP bandits in order to achieve social stability. KMT government advocate for autonomous regions, and KMT promote self-defense capability and national consciousness of their citizens in order to save China from a national peril…”(See" Agriculture Council Act ") . The two are almost the same if changed the term “CCP Bandits” to “Democracy Activists”. Both are to eliminate dissidents, maintain current status & ensure their vested interests first. The difference is “CCP Bandits” are violent revolutionists, while “Democracy Activists” does not promote violence.
After the year 1950, led by the wrong approach of violent revolution, Farmers’ Association has fallen into the same state of tragedy as China does. The association was an institution of murder for money during the agricultural land reform period, and became a tool for class struggle during the agricultural Cooperative period. Finally it became CPC＇s government at the village level, and tends to destroy itself. State leading power to the rural community prevents Farmers’ Association from becoming independent political forces outside the government authority.
As the lessons of history shows, we can come to the following conclusion: First, future farmers will need to be independent and adhere to the characteristics of "civil" and "autonomy". Secondly, the future of Farmers’ Association would need to reject violence. Agriculture Council to become farmers in their own organization, and be separated from the State; thirdly, Famers’ Association should belong to the Farmers, stay autonomous & handle their own affairs; Finally Farmers’ Association need to guarantee that farmers’ participation be voluntary – participation to the farmers’ association is not compulsory but voluntary.
(The author of this article Wang Jun is the Chairman of Chinese Democracy Party World Union)
Author: Wang Jun
Tel: 001-917-348-5230
Website：http://www.cdbs.tv
Email: cdpwu@yahoo.com
北京之春：2007年6月-No。169期发表
--组织中国自治农会的现实需要王 军
当前中国的发展伴随着急剧的城市化过程，结果农民成为最大受害群体。腾地迁移使得农民颠沛流离、无家可归。广大地区土地荒芜，青壮农民纷纷流落城市，老弱病残留守耕地。坚持上访的农民屡遭不幸，已经成为严重的社会问题。农民团结起来成立属于自己的农会自治组织，已经是当务之急。
一、武汉四新农场的案例
武汉四新农场是一家国营大型农场，1983年开始农场通过报纸、电视招聘外来农民到农场种地。到1994年，各地来场的农民已有2000多人、500多户，他们把农场当成自己的家。2001年7月，武汉市的26号文件将四新农场划归武汉新区，准备进行经济开发。到2003年底，四新农场正式职工获得经济补偿和安置，而对1983年以后来到的农民，四新地区管委会却认为不能对他们进行安置和补偿。为了逼走这些农民，从2004年5月10日起，农场管委会就对他们停水停电，并捣毁水利设施，大雨过后，农田里大量积水，农场管委会却不许电泵站排涝。2004年7月，在40多度的高温下，走投无路的2000多农民被迫接受开发区的协议，在领取了一点可怜的青苗费、搬家费、迁移费和房屋赔偿款后，离开了四新农场。
这些农民被迫回到原籍，但由于他们长年在外，农村土地承包却?0年不变，他们回乡后也就无地可种，原来的房子更是早已不在了。在这种情况下，许多农民又返回武汉，在四新农场外围的一些农村里高价租田、高价租房。
2004年7月起，四新农场就等待开发，不再允许种植农作物，可是到2006年初，四新农场的大片良田依然荒芜，没有任何开发项目。被撵走的农民弟兄看到后，又返回农场，搭起塑料棚，准备在此种地。但是第二天，派出所、城管队以及黑社会就派出打手5、60人，来到刚搭建的现场，他们拎着长镐，对农民大打出手，两位农民当场被打成重伤，与此同时，一把大火将50多个棚子一烧而光。面对这样的暴行，农民兄弟决定团结起来组织农会，保障自己的基本权益。
二、中国历史上的两类农会
说起农会，需要从性质和功能上考察中国历史上的农会。清末和民初的农会是一种社会经济的自助组织，主旨是推进农业的发展；国民党时代的农会是以乡绅为主的政治组织，主旨是维护社会稳定；共产党时代的农会，则是按阶级斗争原则组织起来的准政权组织，是破坏传统乡村秩序的工具。
北伐时期的农会组织，就是由共产党领导的农会组织，不顾国家危亡，一心制造暴力革命，不断发动农村的动乱和暴乱，与旧时农会的积极建设性质有着根本的区别。毛泽东的《湖南农民运动考察报告》，就在这方面起了十分恶劣的示范作用。他所谓打翻地主，不过是在制造翻身运动、社会大乱的藉口。共产党的农会表面上“攻击土豪劣绅，不法地主，旁及各种宗法的思想和制度，城里的贪官污吏，乡村的恶劣习惯”，其实是要推翻整个中国社会的基础，而完全不管在这场莫名其妙的革命中，广大人民要付出怎样惨痛的代价。
1927年7月20日，中共中央发出了农字第九号通告更加明确指出：“农民协会已经不是一种职业组织，而是以穷苦农民为主干的乡村的政治联盟。……是农村政权的一个正确形式。”也就是说，在“一切权力归农会”的口号下，对中国乡村社会的基础进行了全面的破坏，彻底推翻了中国农村的社会结构和人伦道德。
1928年7月国民政府公布施行了《农民协会组织条例》，但是在湖南这些重灾区农会无法开展重建工作。1930年1月国民党中央民众训练部制定的《农民运动方案》中指出：农民运动不在打倒某土劣就算完事，尤在训练农民帮同国家作种种建设，这是农民运动的一个重要信条。
三、中国农会应走世界农会的共同发展方向
由于共产党曾将农会作为动员农民参加革命的工具，所以农会在许多中国人的心目中仅是一个社会革命组织或阶级斗争的工具。事实上，在世界多数国家中，农会的作用主要是保障农民利益、提高农民技能、改善农民生活、促进农业现代化。其政治功能主要是农民利益的整合和表达，是与政府沟通协商的政治参与。农会可以代表农民的利益，向政府施加压力，但绝不是旨在对抗政府的革命组织，更不是一级政权机关。
中国农会应走世界农会的共同发展方向，那就是促进中国农村的现代化。上述四新农场的农民为武汉市的发展做出了历史性贡献，武汉市将他们一脚踢开是伤天害理的行为。因此，我们支持他们从2004年就开始的上访维权；我们同情他们四次到北京的艰苦历程；我们愤慨武汉东湖开发区的警察、保安以阻碍公务为由对他们施放毒气；我们声讨中共政权对他们之中的田德平、杨辅武进行拘留的政治流氓行为！
中国现代化的主线索就是从农业社会向工业社会和信息社会转型，其中一个重要内容就是农民从传统的宗族组织中出来，成为农村社会政治经济关系的个体。在这个历史过程中，农会作为超越宗族关系的现代社会组织，具有重要意义。但由于受到中共专制主义政治的制约，农会一贯沦为政党的政治工具，没有发展成为真正的现代社会组织。
四、未来的中国农会需要独立自治
平心而论，1930年代国民党进行农会重建，和共产党现在提倡的和谐社会，有异曲同工之处：“一方面提高其社会道德，增进其智识技能，促进其生产与生产额，以达到改善生计之目的；一方面健全其组织，对内则使其协助政府，并以全力肃清共产土匪，以求社会安宁，而促进地方自治；对外则提高其民族意识，启发其自卫能力，共救国家民族之危亡。……”（见《农会法》）只要把“共产土匪”换成“民运分子”，就差不多了。二者都以排除异己、维护现状、保证既得利益为先。不同的是共产土匪是暴力革命者，而民运分子不使用暴力。
1950年以后在暴力革命方针的错误指引下，农会的发展和整个中国一样陷入了悲剧状态。土改时期农会作为谋财害命的机关；合作化时期农会又成了阶级斗争的工具。最后农会沦为共产党的基层政权，本身趋于消灭。国家权力对乡村社会的这种主导作用，使之不能成为一股独立于国家行政控制之外的政治力量。
从历史教训看，在中国建立农会问题上我们可以得到如下的结论：第一，未来的农会需要独立，要坚持民间性、自治性；第二，未来的农会需要拒绝阶级斗争的暴力，要与国家政权分开；第三、农会要成为农民自己的组织，要坚持农会自治、独立处理自己的事务；最后要保证农民加入农会的自愿性——加入农会不是义务的强制而是权利的自愿。◆
本文作者为中国民主党世界同盟主席 王军
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